Diarrhoea and Vomiting

Diarrhoea and Vomiting (D&V): A Guide to Self-Care and When to Seek Help

Diarrhoea and vomiting are common symptoms that can be caused by a variety of factors, including infections, food intolerances, medications, and other underlying health conditions. While they are usually self-limiting and improve within a few days, there are steps you can take to manage your symptoms safely at home. However, in some cases, seeking medical advice is essential.

Self-Care Tips for Diarrhoea and Vomiting

1. Stay Hydrated
   The most important aspect of managing diarrhoea and vomiting is preventing dehydration. Both conditions can cause fluid loss, so it is crucial to replenish lost fluids and electrolytes.

   • Oral Rehydration Solutions (ORS): Use rehydration solutions available at pharmacies, which contain a precise balance of salt, sugar, and other electrolytes. These solutions are designed to help your body absorb fluids more effectively.
   • Drink plenty of clear fluids: Water, clear broths, or weak tea can help. Avoid sugary drinks, fruit juices, and caffeinated beverages, as they can worsen dehydration.
   • Small, frequent sips: If you are unable to keep fluids down, try sipping small amounts regularly (e.g., every 5-10 minutes).

2. Rest and Take It Easy
   Resting allows your body to recover. Avoid strenuous activity until you feel better.

3. Eat Simple, Bland Foods (When Ready)
   Once vomiting has stopped, start with small amounts of easy-to-digest foods. The BRAT diet (bananas, rice, applesauce, toast) is a good example of bland foods that are gentle on the stomach.

   • Gradually reintroduce solid foods as tolerated, starting with simple carbohydrates and avoiding fatty, spicy, or dairy-heavy foods until your symptoms improve.

4. Avoid Antidiarrhoeal Medications (Unless Advised)
   Over-the-counter medications like loperamide (Imodium) may help with diarrhoea, but they should be avoided if you have fever or bloody stools. These medications can slow down the body’s ability to clear the infection, so it’s better to consult a healthcare provider before taking them.

5. Wash Hands Regularly
   Good hygiene is key to preventing the spread of infection. Wash your hands thoroughly with soap and water, particularly after using the toilet and before preparing food. Avoid close contact with others until you're no longer symptomatic.

6. Avoid Dairy Products
   Some people develop temporary lactose intolerance following episodes of diarrhoea or vomiting, so it's a good idea to avoid milk, cheese, and other dairy products during the acute phase of illness.

When to Seek Medical Advice

While most cases of diarrhoea and vomiting resolve on their own within a few days, there are instances where medical advice should be sought. You should contact your GP, NHS 111, or visit a healthcare facility if any of the following occur:

1. Severe Dehydration
   Dehydration is a serious concern, especially in young children, the elderly, or people with underlying health conditions. Symptoms of dehydration include:

   • Dark urine or reduced urine output
   • Dry mouth or tongue
   • Dizziness, fainting, or lightheadedness
   • Sunken eyes, dry skin, or lethargy

2. Symptoms Lasting Longer Than Expected

   • Diarrhoea: Lasting more than 5 days in adults or 2 days in children, despite adequate hydration and rest.
   • Vomiting: Lasting longer than 48 hours in adults or 24 hours in children.

   If your symptoms persist or worsen, it may indicate an underlying issue that needs treatment.

3. Severe Abdominal Pain
   Severe or constant abdominal pain may suggest a more serious condition like appendicitis, gastroenteritis, or other gastrointestinal issues. If the pain is severe, sudden, or persistent, seek medical attention immediately.

4. Blood in Vomit or Stools
   Blood in vomit or stools (which may appear as black, tarry stools or bright red blood) can indicate a gastrointestinal bleed or more serious conditions like ulcers or inflammatory bowel disease. If you notice blood, seek medical advice promptly.

5. Fever
   A high fever (over 38°C or 100.4°F) along with diarrhoea or vomiting may indicate a bacterial infection or another more serious condition that requires medical assessment.

6. Impaired Immune System or Vulnerable Groups
   If you are in a high-risk group (e.g., elderly, pregnant, immunocompromised, or have chronic health conditions such as diabetes or heart disease), you should seek medical advice sooner. These individuals are at greater risk for complications from dehydration or infections.

7. Signs of Meningitis
   In very rare cases, vomiting and diarrhoea can be associated with meningitis. Seek immediate medical help if you also experience a stiff neck, sensitivity to light, severe headache, or rash.

Useful Resources for Safe Advice and Further Information

• NHS.uk – Diarrhoea and Vomiting
  For more information on symptoms, causes, and management of diarrhoea and vomiting, visit:
  NHS Diarrhoea and Vomiting Advice

  World Health Organization (WHO) - Oral Rehydration Therapy (ORT)
  Guidance on rehydration and maintaining hydration during illness:
  WHO ORT Guidelines

Conclusion

Most cases of diarrhoea and vomiting are mild and self-limiting, resolving within a few days with good hydration and rest. However, it’s important to monitor for signs of dehydration or worsening symptoms, especially in vulnerable groups. If you have concerns or your condition doesn’t improve, don’t hesitate to seek medical advice.

Remember, always check the NHS website or contact NHS 111 if you're unsure or need guidance on when to seek professional care.